Anti-Muslim hate crime functions as repeat victimization, not isolated incidents

Evidence

A key finding in research conducted by Awan and Zempi (2015) was that participants were multiple and repeat victims of both cyberand physicalworld forms of anti-Muslim hate crime. Rarely did participants describe anti-Muslim hate crime as ‘one-off’; rather, there was always the sense, the fear, the expectation of another attack. Repeat incidents of cyberand/or physical-world anti-Muslim hate increase feelings of insecurity, vulnerability and anxiety among victims. — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia, 358

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Anti-Muslim hate victimization is typically repeat, not one-off. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 363; Anti-Muslim hate crime produces cumulative psychological trauma through repeatedly relived incidents. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 366; Hate crimes function as terroristic message crimes targeting entire communities. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 372 (+2 more)

Related

• Anti-Muslim hate victimization is typically repeat, not one-off. (similarity 0.96)
• Anti-Muslim hate crime produces cumulative psychological trauma through repeatedly relived incidents. (similarity 0.91)
• Because anti-Muslim hate is identity-targeted, victims cannot dismiss it as random (similarity 0.87)
• Hate crimes function as terroristic message crimes targeting entire communities. (similarity 0.87)
• Hate crimes inflict greater harm than equivalent non-targeted crimes. (similarity 0.87)
• Anti-Muslim hate crime harms target victims’ intrinsic identity and reach the whole Muslim community (similarity 0.85)
• Unprovable anti-Muslim actions erode victims’ sense of reality. (similarity 0.85)
• Anti-Muslim hate crime forces spatial retreat and self-segregation that is coerced, not chosen. (similarity 0.82)
• Islamophobic hate crimes spike in the wake of terrorist attacks. (similarity 0.82)
• Structural anti-Muslim racism works through undetectable acts that psychologically harm targets. (similarity 0.81)
• Anti-Muslim hate crime drives victims to conceal Muslim identity and flee localities. (similarity 0.81)
• Islamophobic hate crime constrains Muslim women and harms bystander group members. (similarity 0.81)
• Islamophobic hate crimes rise after each terrorist attack (similarity 0.81)
• Anti-Muslim hate crime creates parallel lives by preventing cross-community engagement (similarity 0.80)
• Anti-Muslim hate crime in Britain is at record highs and massively under-reported. (similarity 0.80)

Broader Connections

• Anti-Muslim hate crime harms target victims’ intrinsic identity and reach the whole Muslim community #expands (0.80) — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia, 366