Western media consistently paired Islam with terrorism across national outlets

Evidence

Al-Azami (2021) notes that negative representations of Muslims in Western media predate the 9/11 attacks. Research from the late 1990s (Said, 1997) found distorted media coverage of Islam that revealed pervasive misunderstandings about Islam in the Western world. The 9/11 attacks exacerbated this misrepresentation throughout the West, with both British (Poole, 2002; Moore et al., 2008) and American (Ibrahim, 2010) newspapers and media outlets pairing the Muslim religion with terrorism. Media coverage of Muslims has often presented them as either perpetrators of violence and terrorism or victims of discriminatory harassment and violence from non-Muslims (Altheide, 2007; Panagopoulos, 2006). — Emily Greene-Colozzi, Amy Adamczyk, and Senahan Kiyal Keles, Differences in Religious Framing of…, 27

Categorization

• ADDENDUM: Directly supplies the media-framing lineage for the reader’s work on cross-cultural moral panics: the ‘Muslim ban’ era recapitulates the identity-signaling panic pattern.
• SHARE: Worth sending to someone working on representation and media — the Said 1997 citation is the precise hook.