Sympathetic TV portrayals coexisted with a 1600 percent surge in anti-Muslim hate crimes

Evidence

Such optimism was quickly tempered by a more complex reality. At the same time that sympathetic portrayals of Arab and Muslim Americans proliferated on U.S. commercial television in the weeks and months after 9/11, hate crimes, workplace discrimination, bias incidents, and airline discrimination targeting Arab and Muslim Americans increased exponentially. According to the FBI, hate crimes against Arabs and Muslims multiplied by 1,600 percent from 2000 to 2001. — Evelyn Alsultany, Arabs and Muslims in the Media, 58 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

Williams and Burnap (2015) argue that the media play a role in ‘setting the agenda’, ‘transmitting the images’ and ‘claims making’ following ‘trigger’ events of local, national or international interest. According to Hanes and Machin (2014), if attitudes towards Muslims are influenced by ‘trigger’ attacks and by media coverage of these attacks, then this finding fits with the proposition of ‘attitudinal shocks’, where a driver of hate crimes is the level of hatred or bigotry for a particular group in society, which may be influenced by media framing and coverage of attacks. — Irene Zempi and Imran Awan, Islamophobia, 119 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Following the Brexit vote and terrorist attacks in Manchester and London in 2017, we have now seen a sharp rise in hate crimes and anti-Muslim attacks in Britain (Sharman and Jones 2017, Littler and Feldman 2015). These incidents include mosques being targeted, Muslim women who have had their hijab (headscarf) or niqab (face veil) pulled off, and two Muslims in London who were the subject of a horrific acid attack (Hooper 2017). — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 359 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Sympathetic media portrayals coincided with a 1600 percent surge in anti-Arab hate crimes. — Evelyn Alsultany, Arabs and Muslims in the Media: Race…, 58; Islamophobic hate crimes spike in the wake of terrorist attacks. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 84; Political events and terrorist attacks trigger spikes in anti-Muslim hate crime. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 359 (+4 more)

Broader Connections

• Sympathetic media portrayals coincided with a 1600 percent surge in anti-Arab hate crimes. #corroborates (0.95) — Evelyn Alsultany, Arabs and Muslims in the Media, 58
• Media framing of attacks raises the ambient level of bigotry driving hate crimes #complicates (0.82) — Irene Zempi and Imran Awan, Islamophobia, 119
• Political events and terrorist attacks trigger spikes in anti-Muslim hate crime. #complicates (0.80) — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 359
• Islamophobic hate crimes spike in the wake of terrorist attacks. #complicates (0.78) — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 84
• Publicized negative episodes reliably spike anti-Muslim violence #complicates (0.75) — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 597
• Simplified complex representations fail to change viewers’ anti-Muslim stereotypes #complicates (0.74)