Surveillance operates differently on Muslim men and women through distinct mechanisms

Evidence

The surveillance of beauty is another way that Muslim American women who wear the hijab are surveilled for their cultural practices. Whiteness has become a marker of beauty and privilege both in the United States as well as in countries that make up the southern hemisphere, such as India (Hunter 2011). This is evidenced by the increased interest and use of skin lightening creams both in the United States and internationally. Hunter (2011) refers to “racial capital” as a material benefit people possess based on their skin tone. In a racialized society, the lighter one’s skin tone, the more access one has to economic resources such as jobs or social networks (Glenn 2009; Hunter 2011). Muslim women who wear the hijab were told wearing it made them ugly; they are also racialized for their beauty. — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 292 (#expands, via linked claim)

In an attempt to escape the gaze and control the narrative about Islam, Muslim American women were purposeful in how they navigated public spaces. Muslim American women altered their dress, made attempts to smile more and appear assertive, and tried to perform what they saw as American values to the public. Many women told me they felt it was their duty as Muslims to represent Islam in a positive light and in order to counter the stereotypes that have racialized them. Monitoring one’s behavior and actions like this is a form of self-­discipline enacted by the threat of surveillance. — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 486 (#exemplifies, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Airport surveillance differentially targets men via lists and hijab-wearing women via physical searches — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 70; Muslim women are surveilled for cultural transgression while men are watched for terror potential — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 92; US surveillance systematically targets select bodies using racial cues — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 94 (+32 more)

Related

• Surveillance targets a Muslim name, not religious belief, making it racial discrimination (similarity 0.91)
• Citizen surveillance targets hijab-wearing women publicly but men privately as suspected terrorists (similarity 0.90)
• Surveillance causes Muslims to discipline their own behavior preemptively (similarity 0.89)
• The hijab rather than skin tone triggers racializing surveillance of Muslim women (similarity 0.88)
• Surveillance leads Muslims to police their own actions and dress (similarity 0.88)
• Surveillance pressure makes Muslim men erase rather than transform their identity (similarity 0.88)
• Muslim women perform their behavior and dress as self-discipline enacted by surveillance (similarity 0.88)
• Muslim women’s bodies are the first site of state policing in Islamophobic societies (similarity 0.88)
• Private citizens surveil Muslim women for cultural transgression and men for security threats (similarity 0.88)
• Muslim women alter their dress in response to fellow citizens’ surveillance, not male oppression (similarity 0.88)
• Gendered surveillance watches women for cultural transgression and men for terror. (similarity 0.87)
• Surveilled Muslim women respond through a mix of self-surveillance and resistance. (similarity 0.87)
• Muslim women are surveilled for cultural transgression while men are watched for terror potential (similarity 0.87)
• Surveillance targets Muslim women’s veils and Muslim men’s suspected terrorism (similarity 0.87)
• US surveillance systematically targets select bodies using racial cues (similarity 0.87)

Broader Connections

• Women’s direct airport surveillance happened mainly when accompanied by Muslim men #exemplifies (0.75)
• The hijab rather than skin tone triggers racializing surveillance of Muslim women #expands (0.75) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 292
• Racializing Muslims as threats sustains a surveillance state with gendered effects #corroborates (0.70)
• Muslim women perform their behavior and dress as self-discipline enacted by surveillance #exemplifies (0.70) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 486
• Surveillance pressure makes Muslim men erase rather than transform their identity #expands (0.60)
• Surveillance makes Muslim men strategically perform loyalty to manage others’ suspicions #expands (0.60)
• Less state surveillance gives Muslim women more agency but costly emotional labor #expands (0.60)
• Muslim women alter their dress in response to fellow citizens’ surveillance, not male oppression #expands (0.60)
• Surveillance leads Muslims to police their own actions and dress #expands (0.50)
• Surveillance causes Muslims to discipline their own behavior preemptively #expands (0.50)
• Surveillance justified by religious identity constitutes racialization of Muslims #corroborates (0.50)
• Surveillance derives from country-of-origin priority lists that racialize Muslim identity #corroborates (0.50)
• Surveillance is reproduced horizontally as Muslims police one another too #expands (0.40)