Pre-modern Muslim identity centered on religion rather than geography or nation

Evidence

A pitiless secularism and monoculture is enforced in the name of modernity and not in the name of capital, invasions, occupations, and the structures of unequal citizenship they sustain. I have shown that if we reject the introduction of ‘sharia’ into the law, for example, it is easy to make the claim that we only do so because we are committed to secularism and not because a marking of Muslims as pre-modern serves the interests of empire. — Sherene Razack, Casting Out, 400 (#complicates, via linked claim)

That he was misidentified by once friendly customers and neighbors as an “Afghani” or a “Pakistani” reveals how Arab and South Asian identities have become conflated with Islam. — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 173 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: The Persian term for nation originally designated a religious community. — Nadim N. Rouhana and Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, When Politics Are Sacralized:…, 1666; Religion is one factor among many, not the defining one, in Muslim-majority societies; Arabian and Muslim identities are distinct categories defined by language, not religion — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 292 (+21 more)

Broader Connections

• Religion rather than nationality has been the primary basis of identity in Islam #corroborates (0.97)
• Secularism serves as cover for imperial interest in marking Muslims pre-modern #complicates (0.80) — Sherene Razack, Casting Out, 400
• Arab and South Asian identities have been conflated with Islam #complicates (0.76) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 173
• The figure of the Muslim transcends fixed ethnic and gender identity #complicates (0.74) — Gil Anidjar, The Jew, the Arab, 716
• Post-war American identity structurally excluded Islam as foreign #complicates (0.71) — Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ The Anatomy of…, 283