Racism is lived through class, place, age and gender, not race alone.

Evidence

For Ricardo, ‘race’ was lived through class, age, gender and place and as such racism was both unremarkable (just part of life), and hard to isolate and name. As importantly, Ricardo’s friendship group was multi-ethnic. He described his best friend, who also faced heavy policing, as ‘half Pakistani, half white’. Importantly, Ricardo was not arguing that being racialised as black had nothing to do with it, but rather explaining that his encounters with the police occurred alongside friends who were racialised differently. As I go on to show, these experiences of shared violation instilled in Ricardo an overall wariness about reifying racial distinctions. — Luke de Noronha, The conviviality of the overpoliced,…, 50

Categorization

• DEFINE: Clarifies how ‘race’ as an analytic category dissolves when policing is experienced as shared across differently racialised friends.
• corroborated: 4 independent passages support this claim — Luke de Noronha, The conviviality of the overpoliced,…, 50
• XREF: connects to: Racism is the lived modality through which class is fought; Race and class are interdependent formations, each lived through the other — Stuart Hall, Essential Essays, Volume 2: Identity…, 1113; Racism operates as class disadvantage and exclusion (+3 more)

Broader Connections

• Race is the lived modality of class, affecting the whole class. #corroborates (0.95)
• Racism is the lived modality through which class is fought #complicates (0.85)
• Race and class are interdependent formations, each lived through the other #corroborates (0.82) — Stuart Hall, Essential Essays, Volume 2, 1113
• Racism operates as class disadvantage and exclusion #expands (0.80)