Invisible minority describes Arabs marginalized though classified as white by the census

Evidence

This understanding of race and racialization is unduly dependent on physical cues. While the visual dimension does indeed inspire racialization, I found Muslim American experience it even when they are racially visible as white. Therefore, for me to use the concept of racialization to understand how Muslim bodies acquire racial meanings, I provide a newer, updated definition of the term employing other factors that allow for bodies to be understood as racial. I define it as “the process by which bodies become racial in their lived realities because of biological and/or cultural traits as a result of the inter­ section and cooperation between ideologies, policies, laws, and social interactions that results in the denial of equal treatment in society.” This definition allows scholars to examine racialization as interactional—­between societal institutions and individuals. — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 88 (#expands, via linked claim)

Categorization

• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim
• XREF: connects to: Arabs achieved economic success yet still lost whiteness through foreign-policy racialization — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 130; Muslim identity ejects Arabs from whiteness and strips them of its material benefits — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 662; Whiteness was defined through exclusion of non-black immigrant groups too. (+8 more)

Related

• Muslim identity ejects Arabs from whiteness and strips them of its material benefits (similarity 0.90)
• Categorical whiteness excludes Arabs and Muslims from the benefits of racial remedy in America (similarity 0.89)
• Arabs gained whiteness-status in 1943 while Muslims generally remained excluded because Islam signified non-whiteness. (similarity 0.87)
• Arabs and Iranians experience racism while being officially classified as white (similarity 0.87)
• Arabs achieved economic success yet still lost whiteness through foreign-policy racialization (similarity 0.86)
• Arabs were classified white for citizenship so they could be distinguished from ineligible Asians (similarity 0.86)
• Arabs classified as white lose that status upon wearing the hijab (similarity 0.86)
• Muslim Arabs move away from whiteness regardless of actual skin tone (similarity 0.86)
• Lighter skin and Westernized names let some Muslims pass as white (similarity 0.84)
• Arabs were legally classified as white in 1943 to distinguish them from ineligible Asians. (similarity 0.84)
• Islamic identity exceeded skin color in rendering Arabs non-white for citizenship (similarity 0.83)
• The hijab overrides whiteness as a racializing agent on any wearer. (similarity 0.83)
• People who seem white can be raced non-white on the basis of Islam alone. (similarity 0.83)
• Converting to Islam or wearing the hijab causes loss of whiteness privileges (similarity 0.82)
• Muslim Americans are racialized even when visibly white, so racialization must include cultural traits (similarity 0.82)

Broader Connections

• Arabs were classified white for citizenship so they could be distinguished from ineligible Asians #expands (0.70)
• Muslim Americans are racialized even when visibly white, so racialization must include cultural traits #expands (0.65) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 88
• Categorical whiteness excludes Arabs and Muslims from the benefits of racial remedy in America #expands (0.60)
• Arabs classified as white lose that status upon wearing the hijab #expands (0.55) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 201
• Wearing the hijab strips Arab women of their perceived whiteness #exemplifies (0.55) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 145
• Muslim names alone can racialize phenotypically white people #expands (0.50) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 91
• Converting to Islam or wearing the hijab causes loss of whiteness privileges #expands (0.50) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 261