Head, torso, and shoulder acoustics shape the localization cues reaching each ear.

Evidence

The azimuth angle ϕ of the sound source direction, if different from zero, causes interaural time and level differences in the signals entering the ear canals. The torso, particularly the shoulders, also adds reflections. The asymmetry of the head in the front–back and the up–down directions contributes to the difference in signals from different directions. — Ville Pulkki, Matti Karjalainen, Communication Acoustics- An…, 1404

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Shoulder reflections imprint identifiable arcs on measured head-related impulse responses. — Ville Pulkki, Matti Karjalainen, Communication Acoustics- An…, 1421