HRTFs encode direction through head, ear, and torso shape filtering

Evidence

The pinnae and head are not the only aspect of human anatomy that influence the sound received by the two ears, and any component of the body in the sound field contributes to localization abilities. Without having to characterize the relative contributions of all potential obstacles to the sound source, the spectral and temporal changes can be captured by a head-related transfer function (HRTF), a three-dimensional function that codes for the acoustic changes that occur when sounds are presented at different locations with respect to the body. — Jennifer Lentz, Psychoacoustics- Perception of Normal…, 1534 (#expands, via linked claim)

Acoustically, the entire head (and shoulders) makes part of the external ear. The distance between the two ears, located at opposite sides of the head, causes an arrival time difference of the sound wavefront that depends on the angle of incidence. A difference in sound level appears at high frequencies due to shadowing by the head to the side that is opposite to the sound source. — Ville Pulkki, Matti Karjalainen, Communication Acoustics- An…, 726 (#expands, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Head separation between ears produces arrival-time and intensity cues for direction; Head shading creates interaural level differences used for sound localization — Ville Pulkki, Matti Karjalainen, Communication Acoustics- An…, 726; Head-related transfer functions encode all body-induced spectral and temporal sound changes — Jennifer Lentz, Psychoacoustics- Perception of Normal…, 1534 (+2 more)

Related

• Head-related transfer functions encode all body-induced spectral and temporal sound changes (similarity 0.96)
• Head-related transfer functions encode how the head and pinna shape spatial hearing (similarity 0.92)
• Large diverse datasets of human HRTF and ear geometry are now being collected (similarity 0.91)
• HRTF definition normalizes ear responses by the head’s absence (similarity 0.87)
• Head and pinna scattering imprint direction-dependent spectral notches onto the ear signal. (similarity 0.86)
• Head-related transfer functions spatially pan monaural sources by modeling each ear’s directional filter response (similarity 0.86)
• Head orientation is necessary because interaural level differences plateau off-midline (similarity 0.86)
• Head separation between ears produces arrival-time and intensity cues for direction (similarity 0.86)
• Pinna, head, and torso shapes encode spatial direction into ear-canal sounds (similarity 0.85)
• Individual ear shapes give each listener a unique head-related transfer function (similarity 0.85)
• Each person’s unique ear shape requires individualized acoustic rendering for 3-D audio (similarity 0.85)
• Head, torso, and shoulder acoustics shape the localization cues reaching each ear. (similarity 0.85)
• Elevation localization relies on pinnae spectral cues encoded as HRTFs (similarity 0.85)
• Head-motion-dependent sound changes are required for external sound localization (similarity 0.84)
• Head movement and pinna shape resolve cone-of-confusion ambiguities (similarity 0.84)

Broader Connections

• Head-related transfer functions encode how the head and pinna shape spatial hearing #corroborates (0.95)
• Head-related transfer functions encode all body-induced spectral and temporal sound changes #expands (0.85) — Jennifer Lentz, Psychoacoustics- Perception of Normal…, 1534
• Head shading creates interaural level differences used for sound localization #expands (0.80) — Ville Pulkki, Matti Karjalainen, Communication Acoustics- An…, 726
• Head separation between ears produces arrival-time and intensity cues for direction #exemplifies (0.75)