Bias-motivated crimes inflict deeper harm than comparable everyday crimes

Evidence

Furthermore, Garland and Chakraborti (2012: 41) state that ‘Linked to this is the suggestion that hate crimes are more hurtful than “everyday” crimes lacking the bias motive. Because they target cultural, ethnic, religious or sexual identity, for instance, these acts damage feelings of self-worth and security…’. — Irene Zempi and Imran Awan, Islamophobia, 53

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the identity-and-recognition literature on why attacks on group membership register as attacks on the self.