Fear, anger, and disgust all independently predict measured Islamophobia

Evidence

Results also indicated that fear, anger, and disgust are all predictive components of Islamophobia, and demonstrated significantly high correlations (r = .76, .81, and .76, respectively) with the TIS scale as a whole. — Ummul-Kiram Kathawalla, Fei Bi Chan, Quratulain Gulamhussein, Amy Riegelman, and Moin Syed, Conceptualization and Measurement of…, 568

Categorization

• SEED: Angle: Islamophobia isn’t just fear — it runs on disgust and anger too. This complicates the etymological framing of ‘phobia’ and has policy implications for how interventions should be designed.
• DEFINE: Clarifies that ‘Islamophobia’ as an emotion cluster is broader than its fear-based name suggests.