Being negative toward either Islam or Muslims counts under family resemblance.
Evidence
Technically, the latter two components operate with a family resemblance structure. In the second component, there may be negative attitudes or emotions, and in the third, the target may be Islam or Muslims. — Erik Bleich, What Is Islamophobia and How Much Is…, 83
Categorization
- DEFINE: Explains Goertz’s family resemblance structure, key to how Bleich’s definition handles alternation between target and emotional content.
- XREF: connects to: Hostility today targets Muslims as a people, not Islam as a faith. — Fred Halliday, ‘Islamophobia’ Reconsidered, 48; Anti-Islamic and anti-Muslim attitudes are distinct but overlapping targets of prejudice; The closed views typology targets Islam as identity rather than Muslims as people — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 367 (+7 more)
Related
- Islamophobia may target Islamic doctrine and Muslims separately or together (similarity 0.85)
- Islamophobia operates through imputed inferior traits rooted in religious identity (similarity 0.78)
- Islamophobia is an ideology sustaining negative meaning about Muslims. (similarity 0.78)
Broader Connections
- Anti-Muslim discrimination can target ideology and affiliation rather than phenotype
#expands(0.90) - Anti-Islamic and anti-Muslim attitudes are distinct but overlapping targets of prejudice
#expands(0.88) - Islamophobia constructs a stigmatized Muslim identity through dehumanizing stereotypes rooted in Orientalism.
#expands(0.85) — Goleen Samari, Islamophobia and Public Health in the…, 28 - The closed views typology targets Islam as identity rather than Muslims as people
#expands(0.82) — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 367 - Islamophobia operates through imputed inferior traits rooted in religious identity
#expands(0.78) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 135 - Religious beliefs are read as biological traits marking Muslims as racially inferior
#expands(0.78) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 131