A white non-Muslim can be forced into the Muslim’s demonological position

Evidence

Because there are very few countering representations of Muslims as normal, law-­abiding, patriotic American citizens, the dominant narrative of Muslims as terrorists, misogynists, and sexual predators who are antifeminist and anti-­American is definitive. These cultural practices are seen as essentialized, inherent characteristics of Muslim bodies. For many Muslims, these labels are applied when they are identified as Muslim through visual clues like skin tone and clothing or nonvisual clues like having a Muslim name. Religious clothing that has acquired racial meaning racializes bodies in a similar way to skin tone. The hijab signifies foreignness and provokes the assumption that those who wear these symbols are “others” who are not American and not white. The hijab symbolizes a threat to Western feminist ideals and is associated with the forced submission of Muslim women to Muslim men (Razack 2008). But for Muslim men and women who do not wear religious signifiers, their Muslim names also racialize them even if they are phenotypically white. — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 91 (#expands, via linked claim)

I did not hear from Juan again. But his story hasn’t left me, and the intersection he occupies is at the heart of this book. I share his story when speaking at colleges and universities, as well as intimately, among friends and activists, to signal that victims of Islamophobia are not merely Arab or Middle Eastern—sometimes they are not even Muslim!—and to signal that this rising system of hate is more frequently inflicted by the state than it is by individuals. Most importantly, I share it to show that Islamophobia often converges with other forms of hate, such as racism, xenophobia, sexism, and homophobia, morphing into a form of hatred custom-made for this specific target. — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 77 (#expands, via linked claim)

Non-Muslims are also vulnerable to private Islamophobic animus and violence. Since Muslim identity is racialized as Arab or Middle Eastern, an embedded caricature of Muslims (closely examined in chapter 3) guides how private Islamophobes imagine and identify adherents of the faith. A wide swath of non-Muslim groups and communities, most notably non-Muslims from South Asia, the Arab world, Middle Eastern nations, and Latinx states, and particularly Sikhs, are often profiled as Muslims and victimized by private Islamophobes. — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 119 (#expands, via linked claim)

Categorization

• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim
• XREF: connects to: Muslim names alone can racialize phenotypically white people — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 91; Muslim men can be racialized by ethnicity alone, not only by disclosed religion; Islamophobia victims need not be Arab or Muslim — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 77 (+2 more)

Related

• Muslim men can be racialized by ethnicity alone, not only by disclosed religion (similarity 0.88)
• People who seem white can be raced non-white on the basis of Islam alone. (similarity 0.88)
• Muslim names alone can racialize phenotypically white people (similarity 0.87)
• Muslims move down the racial hierarchy rather than becoming a new race (similarity 0.87)
• Islamophobia’s racialized caricature victimizes non-Muslims, especially Sikhs (similarity 0.87)
• Muslim identity gets racialized through names and clothing, not only skin tone (similarity 0.87)
• Lighter skin and Westernized names let some Muslims pass as white (similarity 0.86)
• Islamophobia victims need not be Arab or Muslim (similarity 0.86)
• Anti-Muslim racism collapses diverse names, skin tones, dress, and nations into one imagined enemy. (similarity 0.84)
• Anti-Muslim racism targets those merely perceived as Muslim, including Christians and Sikhs (similarity 0.84)
• Muslim identity ejects Arabs from whiteness and strips them of its material benefits (similarity 0.83)
• Sikhs are consistently mislabeled as Muslims and targeted by Islamophobia (similarity 0.83)
• Signifiers like the hijab organize Muslims into homogenized societal categories (similarity 0.82)
• Anti-Muslim jokes racialize Muslim bodies and mark them as untrusted (similarity 0.82)
• The racialized Muslim category swept in non-Muslims who merely look Muslim (similarity 0.82)

Broader Connections

• Muslim names alone can racialize phenotypically white people #expands (0.82) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 91
• Islamophobia victims need not be Arab or Muslim #expands (0.80) — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 77
• Islamophobia’s racialized caricature victimizes non-Muslims, especially Sikhs #expands (0.75) — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 119
• Muslim men can be racialized by ethnicity alone, not only by disclosed religion #expands (0.70)