Women of color can be marginalized by both feminist and civil rights movements.

Evidence

It has long been established that women of color sit at the intersection of potentially conflicting agendas of (white) women’s movements and (male dominated) civil rights movements and are potentially marginalized by both movements (Hull et al. — Silke Roth, Intersectionality and coalitions in…, 89

Categorization

• XREF: Core tension directly relevant to the survey question: the classic case where suppressing internal heterogeneity (of the constituency) is what marginalizes members who straddle two agendas. — connects to: Black students have long viewed feminism as a white movement irrelevant to racial struggle. — bell hooks, Teaching to Transgress: Education as…, 208; Women of color face simultaneous oppression based on race and gender — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1145; Critical Race Feminism centers women of color facing simultaneous race and gender oppression — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1145 (+7 more)
• SEED: The double-marginalization structure is a reusable pattern for writing on any intersection — e.g. queerness in religious minority movements — for the supposed intersectionality survey.

Broader Connections

• Women of color face simultaneous oppression based on race and gender #expands (0.95) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1145
• Black women faced a double bind between racist white feminists and patriarchal black leaders #exemplifies (0.93) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 28
• Early black feminists were isolated from both black communities and the white feminist movement #exemplifies (0.92) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 17
• Black women faced pressure from both whites and blacks to separate racism from sexism #exemplifies (0.90) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 46
• Critical Race Feminism centers women of color facing simultaneous race and gender oppression #exemplifies (0.88) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1145
• Racism was routine within the women’s rights movement against black reformers #exemplifies (0.88) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 376
• Racial alliances superseded feminist solidarity between black and white women #exemplifies (0.82) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 507
• Both white and black patriarchies framed feminism as opposition to black liberation. #expands (0.78) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 541
• Black women experienced sexist oppression distinct from racism #qualifies (0.72) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 47