White women’s clubs excluded black women even from token recognition

Evidence

The issue of whether black women would be able to participate in the women’s club movement on an equal footing with white women came to a head in Milwaukee at the General Federation of Women’s Clubs conference when the question was raised as to whether black feminist Mary Church Terrell, then president of the National Association of Colored Women, would be allowed to offer greetings, and whether Josephine Ruffin, who represented the black organization the New Era Club, would be recognized. In both cases white women’s racism carried the day. — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 379

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: White feminists excluded black women by analogy rather than overt discrimination — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 420; Black women organized separately after white women’s racism barred them; White feminists dismissed black women’s attention to racial difference (+10 more)

Related

• Black women named their race in group titles because exclusion forced it (similarity 0.89)
• Early second-wave feminism was dominated by white women who excluded black women (similarity 0.88)
• White feminists dismissed race talk to preserve a unified sisterhood (similarity 0.88)
• Early black feminists were isolated from both black communities and the white feminist movement (similarity 0.87)
• White feminists excluded black women by analogy rather than overt discrimination (similarity 0.87)
• White feminists pursued work rights only for white women workers (similarity 0.85)
• Black women organized separately after white women’s racism barred them (similarity 0.84)
• Racial alliances superseded feminist solidarity between black and white women (similarity 0.84)
• Historians have excluded black women from accounts of the women’s rights movement (similarity 0.83)
• The women’s rights movement exposed white women’s refusal to surrender white supremacy. (similarity 0.83)
• White feminists dismissed black women’s attention to racial difference (similarity 0.83)
• White feminists appropriated feminism while hooks reclaims it for all people (similarity 0.82)
• Black women’s organizations deferred women’s rights until after black liberation (similarity 0.82)
• Scholars frame black women’s organizing as anti-racist, not feminist (similarity 0.82)
• White dominance in feminism reflects racial imperialism, not black disinterest (similarity 0.82)

Broader Connections

• Black women organized separately after white women’s racism barred them #expands (0.70)
• Early second-wave feminism was dominated by white women who excluded black women #corroborates (0.70) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 405
• White feminists dismissed black women’s attention to racial difference #corroborates (0.65)
• White feminists excluded black women by analogy rather than overt discrimination #qualifies (0.60) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 420
• Black women named their race in group titles because exclusion forced it #expands (0.60) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 470
• White feminists pursued work rights only for white women workers #corroborates (0.60) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 387
• Racial alliances superseded feminist solidarity between black and white women #expands (0.60) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 507
• Black women’s experiences were ignored and ridiculed as unworthy of study #corroborates (0.60)
• White feminists dismissed race talk to preserve a unified sisterhood #corroborates (0.60) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 16
• Generic terms in suffrage histories suppress the exclusion of black women. #corroborates (0.55) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 36
• Early black feminists were isolated from both black communities and the white feminist movement #expands (0.55) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 17
• Black women faced pressure from both whites and blacks to separate racism from sexism #expands (0.55) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 46
• White women’s rights appeals exploited racism against black men #complicates (0.40) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 422