Generic terms in suffrage histories suppress the exclusion of black women.

Evidence

In the statement, “their shocked disbelief that men should so humiliate them by supporting votes for Negroes but not for women,” the word men in fact refers only to white men, the word Negroes refers only to black men, and the word women refers only to white women. The racial and sexual specificity of what is being referred to is conveniently left unacknowledged or even deliberately suppressed. — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 36

Categorization

• DEFINE: Demonstrates how apparently neutral historical language encodes racial and sexual specificity.
• XREF: Mirrors hooks’s method of unpacking deceptively universal terms in feminist/race discourse. — connects to: White women’s clubs excluded black women even from token recognition — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 379; Black women named their race in group titles because exclusion forced it — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 470; Historians have systematically omitted black women from accounts of feminist history — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 463 (+6 more)

Related

• Historians have excluded black women from accounts of the women’s rights movement (similarity 0.85)
• Black women named their race in group titles because exclusion forced it (similarity 0.84)
• Historians have systematically omitted black women from accounts of feminist history (similarity 0.83)
• White women’s linguistic erasure of black women served their own political interests (similarity 0.81)
• White feminists excluded black women by analogy rather than overt discrimination (similarity 0.81)
• Early second-wave feminism was dominated by white women who excluded black women (similarity 0.81)
• White women’s clubs excluded black women even from token recognition (similarity 0.81)
• Early black feminists were isolated from both black communities and the white feminist movement (similarity 0.80)
• White feminists appropriated feminism while hooks reclaims it for all people (similarity 0.80)
• White dominance in feminism reflects racial imperialism, not black disinterest (similarity 0.80)
• Women’s failed bid to be included in the black suffrage amendment forged American feminisms (similarity 0.79)
• White suffragists opposed black male suffrage out of racial hierarchy concerns. (similarity 0.79)
• Adopting feminist rhetoric did not free white feminists from sexist-racist attitudes. (similarity 0.79)
• Using ‘women’ for white women alone perpetuates both racism and sexism. (similarity 0.79)
• The women’s rights movement exposed white women’s refusal to surrender white supremacy. (similarity 0.79)

Broader Connections

• Historians have excluded black women from accounts of the women’s rights movement #corroborates (0.75)
• Suffrage politics trapped black women between racist feminists and sexist black men #expands (0.70)
• White women’s linguistic erasure of black women served their own political interests #expands (0.70) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 416
• Early second-wave feminism was dominated by white women who excluded black women #corroborates (0.65) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 405
• White feminists excluded black women by analogy rather than overt discrimination #complicates (0.60) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 420
• Black women faced pressure from both whites and blacks to separate racism from sexism #expands (0.60) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 46