White supremacist violence against Black residents persisted from the 1900s into the 1990s.

Evidence

Of course, there were also informal methods of keeping Glendale all white, which included violence or the threat of violence and harassment. Hate crimes affecting black people who moved into Glendale or who visited Glendale have been documented from the 1900s through the 1990s. The list includes accounts of black workers who consistently experienced “hostility and discrimination.” And if that wasn’t enough, Glendale was home to white supremacist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan, which was “active in Glendale as early as the 1920s” through the 1960s. The group was considered to be “a ‘strong’ organization including many of the business’ men of the suburban city [as] members of the masked brotherhood.” — Dorothy A. Brown, Getting to Reparations, 352

Categorization

• XREF: The business elite joining the KKK in Glendale echoes the pattern of respectable citizens in vigilante groups seen in many sundown-town histories; connects to the larger point that exclusion was not merely fringe. — connects to: Racial violence and criminalization of blackness continue into the present day — Dorothy A. Brown, Getting to Reparations: How Building a…, 592; Violence against Black churches continued unabated into the twenty-first century. — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project: A New American Origin…, 1019; Even symbolic Black protest has consistently triggered violent white backlash — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project: A New American Origin…, 347 (+10 more)
• yield-rescued: below the book’s yield-target cutoff, included anyway for connecting to: Racial violence and criminalization of blackness continue into the present day — Dorothy A. Brown, Getting to Reparations: How Building a…, 592; Violence against Black churches continued unabated into the twenty-first century. — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project: A New American Origin…, 1019; Even symbolic Black protest has consistently triggered violent white backlash — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project: A New American Origin…, 347 (+10 more)