War on Terror crusading extends the original medieval Crusades in European framing.

Evidence

In Europe, particularly in nations with sizable Muslim populations, the new crusades spurred on by the War on Terror are an extension of the old Crusades first waged about a thousand years ago. This, surely, is not rational. But neither is Orientalism or Islamophobia, the epistemologies that shape this distinct European view. — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 833

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines the causal chain: contemporary Islamophobia as continuation of Crusade-era epistemology.