Internal jihad against apostate rulers is a medieval concept modernized.

Evidence

But there is another enemy, more insidious and more dangerous than the alien infidel beyond the frontiers of Islam, and that is the apostate—one who was brought up in Islam and bears a Muslim name and appearance but has abjured the faith and works in secret to destroy it from within. Already in medieval times, some jurists discussed the possibility of an internal jihad against a renegade regime. Among modern fundamentalists this has been developed into an ideology of revolution. The murderers of Sadat and the destroyers of the Iranian monarchy shared the belief that they were engaged in a sacred struggle against apostate rulers and regimes that had abandoned God’s revelation and were seeking to abrogate God’s law and replace it with new laws and new ways copied from the infidel West. — Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans, 1533

Categorization

• ADDENDUM: Directly feeds the reader’s cluster: this is the genealogy of how internal Muslim targets (Sadat, the Shah) get labeled as Western-copying apostates — a mechanism of representation reversed inward.
• XREF: Modern fundamentalist ideology of internal jihad against ‘West-copying’ rulers complicates Orientalist claims that Islam’s enemy is only the infidel without — useful nuance.