Radicalization risk factors span individual to societal levels simultaneously

Evidence

The model identifies four levels of factors that operate independently and in relationship with each other to affect both violent victimization and perpetration. At the core of the model are individuals’ biological or historical factors that increase risk for victimization or perpetrating violence. Second, the model highlights the importance of relationships—specifically, family and peer groups. Third, the model asserts that characteristics of community institutions, such as schools, workplaces, health care, and criminal justice settings, can contribute to violence. Finally, there is the societal level, in which policies, social norms, and attitudes are the factors that can contribute to violence. — Ryan Andrew Brown, Todd C. Helmus, Rajeev Ramchand, Alina I. Palimaru, Sarah Weilant, Ashley L. Rhoades, and Liisa Hiatt (RAND Corporation), Violent Extremism in America, 115

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Negative life events predispose but never alone cause radicalization — Ryan Andrew Brown, Todd C. Helmus, Rajeev Ramchand, Alina I. Palimaru, Sarah Weilant, Ashley L. Rhoades, and Liisa Hiatt (RAND Corporation), Violent Extremism in America:…, 56; Radicalization factors are non-deterministic and heterogeneous across individuals — Ryan Andrew Brown, Todd C. Helmus, Rajeev Ramchand, Alina I. Palimaru, Sarah Weilant, Ashley L. Rhoades, and Liisa Hiatt (RAND Corporation), Violent Extremism in America:…, 226; Personal uncertainty, perceived injustice, and group threat jointly drive radicalization — Lea Echelmeyer, Anne-Marie Slotboom, and Frank Weerman, The Putative Effect of Identity on…, 267 (+8 more)

Broader Connections

• Radicalization arises from converging multiple factors rather than any single pathway. #corroborates (0.90) — Ryan Andrew Brown, Todd C. Helmus, Rajeev Ramchand, Alina I. Palimaru, Sarah Weilant, Ashley L. Rhoades, and Liisa Hiatt (RAND Corporation), Violent Extremism in America, 176
• The most powerful radicalization pathways combine personal psychological vulnerabilities with perceived community victimization. #exemplifies (0.88) — Ryan Andrew Brown, Todd C. Helmus, Rajeev Ramchand, Alina I. Palimaru, Sarah Weilant, Ashley L. Rhoades, and Liisa Hiatt (RAND Corporation), Violent Extremism in America, 156
• Perceived exclusion and injustice prime society-wide breeding grounds for radicalization #exemplifies (0.86) — Holm Gero Hümmler, Ulrike Schiesser, Fact and Prejudice, 716
• Personal uncertainty, perceived injustice, and group threat jointly drive radicalization #exemplifies (0.85) — Lea Echelmeyer, Anne-Marie Slotboom, and Frank Weerman, The Putative Effect of Identity on…, 267
• Marginalization between cultures raises radicalization risk among Muslim immigrants #exemplifies (0.82) — Lea Echelmeyer, Anne-Marie Slotboom, and Frank Weerman, The Putative Effect of Identity on…, 267
• Financial distress and cultural anti-Semitism interacted to spread radicalization. #exemplifies (0.80) — Sebastian Doerr et al., Financial Crises and Political…, 28
• Personal crises precede and open receptivity to religious radicalization #exemplifies (0.78) — Ryan Andrew Brown, Todd C. Helmus, Rajeev Ramchand, Alina I. Palimaru, Sarah Weilant, Ashley L. Rhoades, and Liisa Hiatt (RAND Corporation), Violent Extremism in America, 327
• Integrated or dual identities can turn protective effects into extremism risk #exemplifies (0.76) — Lea Echelmeyer, Anne-Marie Slotboom, and Frank Weerman, The Putative Effect of Identity on…, 251
• Radicalization factors are non-deterministic and heterogeneous across individuals #qualifies (0.72) — Ryan Andrew Brown, Todd C. Helmus, Rajeev Ramchand, Alina I. Palimaru, Sarah Weilant, Ashley L. Rhoades, and Liisa Hiatt (RAND Corporation), Violent Extremism in America, 226