Racisms hybridize across racialized groups rather than staying within fixed boundaries

Evidence

Thus, observers of racism in Europe are struck by the capacity of the phenomenon to change while remaining the same. This is why there has been discussion of two different forms of racism, one of which is classical, scientific, and unequal, based on the idea of the superiority of some races over others, and the other, recent, cultural, and differentialist, which is based on the idea of a radical incompatibility of cultures to live together. This gives rise to important theoretical debates: might it not be better, as I have suggested (Wieviorka, 1991, 1997), to consider that any experience of racism which has a degree of historical depth necessarily combines two different philosophies - one of inferiority and the other of differentiation - contradictory as this may seem? When an immigrant-origin group is particularly prone to exploitation at the workplace because it is subject to racism, and is moreover isolated in urban space, possibly even being ordered to go home, does this not imply that this group is subjected to these two forms of racism at one and the same time? Instead of confronting two forms of racism and suggesting that they follow each other in time, it does seem to me to be preferable to show that the two major schools of thought necessarily coexist, but the forms vary: today, it is the case that in Europe we see a situation in which an approach stressing difference is stronger or more visible than that referring to inferiority, in particular when unemployment is widespread and immi- grant-origin populations may seem, temporarily, not to fulfil any useful function, because no employer needs them. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 3129 (#qualifies, via linked claim)

The first concerned the growing socialization of interracial intercourse in everyday casual relations even as institutional and especially labor market discrimination remained substantively unaddressed. Of course, antidiscrimination law was formalized in policy, only to be largely ignored in application. But daily racial interactions, friendships, relationships, romances – social intercourse writ large – became a matter of course, as happily unremarked as appealingly unremarkable. Black and brown and mixed presence on the street, in stores, in schools, even if not quite at the university, in the boardroom, in the chamber of commerce. Few seem to notice. — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race, 857 (#qualifies, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Urban space mediates how diversity and racialization play out differently — Sivamohan Valluvan, Conviviality and Multiculture: A…, 67; Refusing race can foster solidarity across differently racialised groups — Luke de Noronha, The conviviality of the overpoliced,…, 65; Southern and western race-feelings diffused nationwide to shape immigration views — John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of…, 1033 (+30 more)

Broader Connections

• Racisms combine across racialized groups rather than dividing cleanly by target #corroborates (1.00)
• Racism combines inferiority-based and difference-based philosophies that coexist rather than alternate #qualifies (1.00) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 3129
• Everyday interracial socializing coexists with unaddressed institutional and labor market discrimination #qualifies (1.00) — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race, 857
• Racism operates through visual regimes while hybridity exceeds visual capture #complicates (0.95)
• Racism exists as a variable spectrum, not a single invariant form #complicates (0.90)
• Ethnocentric racism targets different minorities while sharing commensurable structures across nations #complicates (0.85) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 2571
• Intersecting bigotries produce compound racisms targeting specific Black subgroups #complicates (0.85) — Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 19
• Superficial diversity strategies conceal rather than resolve persistent representational racism #complicates (0.75)
• Racialization and racism are distinct empirical states #complicates (0.75) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1908
• Multiculturalism and institutional racism can coexist simultaneously #complicates (0.75)
• Racism structures dominant public spheres rather than merely appearing within them #complicates (0.75)
• Racism has relative autonomy from other social relations #complicates (0.75)
• Racism theories divide into ideology-focused and structural-inequality approaches #complicates (0.75) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1876
• Shifting racism’s targets exposes the social construction of race itself #complicates (0.75) — Hamid Dabashi, Brown Skin, White Masks, 639
• Racial disparities persist through mixed factors rather than conscious white racism #complicates (0.75) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1907