Racism predates anti-Blackness and produces each distinct race.

Evidence

It is more accurate as a consequence to speak of a racially fashioned or created (or more commonly, if awkwardly, of a “racialized”) group than of a racial group since race is a product of racism and not vice versa. It is also and relatedly important to note that the now popular if overused notion of “racialization” and its cognates (“racialize,” “racialized”) are ambiguous. They fail in their often facile usage to distinguish descriptive context from normative critique, analysis from dismissal, processes of race-making from critical rejection of racist implications. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 107 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

The genealogy of the race concept that I trace thus began in the newly formed empire of Catholic Spain in the fifteenth century and sixteenth century and imagined its civilizational others in relation to the Muslim Moor and the indigenous people of the New World. As Nabil Matar (1999) and Anouar Majid (2004, 2009) have persuasively argued, this early recognition of religious di√erence dominated Spanish, and European, identity and may have provided philosophical and intellectual antecedents to the Enlightenment and its humanistic approach. In early Enlightenment philosophical thought, Islam was at the border, and at the margin, of the European imagination of the human subject (Majid 2004). This prototypical racism, which imagined itself as the antithesis of Islam and Muslims, shifted conversations about modernity and its provincialisms; it also created an important framework for thinking through contemporary racism, as well as the basis and existence of anti–Muslim racism. As imperial renewal was taking place in the Reconquista (Reconquest), clear ideas of race were being formed. — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 157 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

In his 1745 book endorsing the slave-trading Royal African Company, famous economics writer Malachy Postlethwayt defined the British Empire as “a magnificent superstructure of American commerce and naval power, on an African foundation.” But another foundation lay beneath that foundation: those all-important producers of racist ideas, who ensured that this magnificent superstructure would continue to seem normal to potential resisters. Enlightenment intellectuals produced the racist idea that the growing socioeconomic inequities between England and Senegambia, Europe and Africa, the enslavers and enslaved, had to be God’s or nature’s or nurture’s will. Racist ideas clouded the discrimination, rationalized the racial disparities, defined the enslaved, as opposed to the enslavers, as the problem people. — Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 203 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Heterogeneity does not disqualify a group from holding racial identity. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 61; Anti-Muslim racism predates and informs the modern race concept. — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims: Race and Labor in…, 157; Race is a product of racism, so groups are racialized rather than racial. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 107 (+4 more)

Related

• Anti-Muslim racism predates and informs the modern race concept. (similarity 0.89)
• Race is a product of racism, not its cause. (similarity 0.88)
• Racism is real but race is only an idea manufactured by racist practice. (similarity 0.86)
• Race is a product of racism, so groups are racialized rather than racial. (similarity 0.86)
• Race exists only as a specter produced by racism, not as reality (similarity 0.85)
• Race emerges from prior racist practice, not from perceived difference (similarity 0.84)
• Races are produced by racism, not by biology (similarity 0.83)
• Racialization analysis targets groups marked by race, not prejudice itself. (similarity 0.83)
• Race is a modern concept tied to early global capitalism and colonial conquest. (similarity 0.83)
• Racism creates races through practice, and the practice hides itself as its own evidence (similarity 0.83)
• Anti-racists who accept fixed race categories repeat the racists’ own trap (similarity 0.83)
• Colonial-era differentiation of Muslims preceded and enabled present-day racialization. (similarity 0.83)
• Islam has become a race despite scholars’ hesitation to name it so (similarity 0.83)
• Racism generates race through repeated practice, not difference perception. (similarity 0.82)
• Racism gets reorganized by each mode of production rather than being constant (similarity 0.82)

Broader Connections

• Race is a product of racism, so groups are racialized rather than racial. #corroborates (0.90) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 107
• Anti-Muslim racism predates and informs the modern race concept. #corroborates (0.85) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 157
• Racist ideas were produced to rationalize and normalize existing discrimination #corroborates (0.80) — Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 203
• Shifting racism’s targets exposes the social construction of race itself #exemplifies (0.75) — Hamid Dabashi, Brown Skin, White Masks, 639