Racializations of South Asians, Arabs, and Muslims were intertwined from capitalism’s start

Evidence

Racialization of Muslims has not occurred in a vacuum; rather, it has evolved in relation to other minorities. Hence when Barack Obama became a serious contender in the 2008 US presidential elections—the second African American man to do so after the Rev. Jesse Jackson—Islamophobia merged with anti-Black racism. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 833 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

The bourgeoisie that led the development of capitalism were drawn from particular ethnic and cultural groups; the European proletariats and the mercenaries of the leading states from others; its peasants from still other cultures; and its slaves from entirely different worlds. The tendency of European civilization through capitalism was thus not to homogenize but to differentiate—to exaggerate regional, subcultural, and dialectical differences into “racial” ones. As the Slavs became the natural slaves, the racially inferior stock for domination and exploitation during the early Middle Ages, as the Tartars came to occupy a similar position in the Italian cities of the late Middle Ages, so at the systemic interlocking of capitalism in the sixteenth century, the peoples of the Third World began to fill this expanding category of a civilization reproduced by capitalism. — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 205 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

For Islam to emerge as a race in the present, the differences between Muslims and Europeans, and the purported Islamic world and Europe, had to be made meaningful and clear as a precursor. This is where the history of Europe and America’s encounter with Islam becomes important. Differentiating Muslims and Islam is one of the colonial and capitalist racial practices that has formed the substratum of modern Islamophobia and Islam-as-race. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 112 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Economic transition to capitalist imperialism produced Muslims as a racial category — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 83; Capitalist imperialism’s denial of equality to colonized peoples produced Muslim racialization; Colonial-era differentiation of Muslims preceded and enabled present-day racialization. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 112 (+11 more)

Broader Connections

• Muslim racialization developed relationally with other minority racializations. #corroborates (0.95) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 833
• Capitalism differentiated peoples into racial categories rather than homogenizing them #corroborates (0.90) — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 205
• Colonial-era differentiation of Muslims preceded and enabled present-day racialization. #corroborates (0.88) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 112
• The racialization of Muslims was anchored in Enlightenment-era colonial ideologies #corroborates (0.85) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 185
• Capitalism developed along essentially racial lines, not rational universalist ones #corroborates (0.85) — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 115
• American casting conflates Arabs and South Asians into a single racialized Muslim figure #exemplifies (0.85)
• Muslims were racialized through cultural signifiers rather than phenotype alone #expands (0.82) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 106
• American imperialism, Orientalism, coercive assimilation, and White supremacy jointly produce racialized Muslim categories #corroborates (0.80) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 80
• Citizens conflate Muslim nationalities so South Asians get slurred as Arab #exemplifies (0.80) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 259
• The racialized content of the Muslim category persisted across changing labels #corroborates (0.78) — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia, 163
• Anti-Muslim harassment targeting Arabs and South Asians is simultaneously actionable under § 1981 #exemplifies (0.75)