Political Islam filled the vacuum left by exhausted secular ideologies

Evidence

I think about Islam; I think about the possibility of Islamic nationalism; I think about the moment of Islamic socialism. All of them exhausted, one after another, in the Cold War and in the period after that. What is left as a way of identifying yourself but religion? Unfortunately, this is a move to the regressive side of the political spectrum, but it’s performing a lot of the same functions as these other movements performed at an earlier stage. — Stuart Hall, Essential Essays, Volume 2, 1145

Categorization

• XREF: Direct bridge to political-Islam scholarship used across the Islamophobia field; the ‘function substitution’ logic parallels how the field reads religion as political identity under globalization. — connects to: Islamism rose as the left’s demise left Muslim rage with no other outlet — Mark Fisher (edited by Darren Ambrose), K-Punk: The Collected and Unpublished…, 1439