Nineteenth century black women were the most sexist-oppressed female group in America

Evidence

The white woman could at least plead for her own emancipation; the black women doubly enslaved, could but suffer and struggle and be silent. — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 26 (#exemplifies, via linked claim)

As regards hierarchies based solely on race, the social status of black women and men was the same, but sexist differentiation caused the lot of the male to be distinguished from that of the female. A measure of social equality existed between the sexes in the area of work but nowhere else. Black women and men often performed the exact same tasks in agricultural labor, but even in that area black women could not rise to leadership positions. Outside the work arena, in day-to-day life, female slaves were treated differently from male slaves and were in some instances the subordinates of male slaves. — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 150 (#exemplifies, via linked claim)

When I began the research for Ain’t I A Woman, my primary intent was to document the impact of sexism on the social status of black women. I wanted to provide concrete evidence to refute the arguments of antifeminists who so loudly proclaimed that black women were not victims of sexist oppression and were not in need of liberation. As the work progressed, I became increasingly aware that I could arrive at a thorough understanding of the black female experience and our relationship to society as a whole only by examining both the politics of racism and sexism from a feminist perspective. — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 47 (#expands, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Feminism must combat domination across sex, race, and class, not just male chauvinism — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 562; Nineteenth-century black women endured double enslavement by race and sex; Nineteenth century black male leaders demanded subordinate roles from their wives (+11 more)

Related

• Nineteenth-century black women endured double enslavement by race and sex (similarity 0.94)
• Nineteenth century black women suffered most from sexism yet lacked collective power (similarity 0.91)
• Nineteenth century black male leaders demanded subordinate roles from their wives (similarity 0.90)
• Black men asserted dominance over women to compensate for losing to white men (similarity 0.89)
• Sexual exploitation dehumanized black women more than labor exploitation did (similarity 0.88)
• Understanding black women’s status requires analyzing race and sex together (similarity 0.88)
• Black women experienced sexist oppression distinct from racism (similarity 0.88)
• Sexism and racism were twin oppressive forces in black women’s slave experience (similarity 0.87)
• Black women suffered quadruple exploitation as laborers, domestic workers, breeders, and rape targets (similarity 0.87)
• Black women under slavery were doubly enslaved by race and sex (similarity 0.87)
• Enslaved black men held higher status than black women under slavery (similarity 0.87)
• Sexism made the black female slave’s lot harsher than the male’s (similarity 0.86)
• Sexism and racism together intensified black women’s oppression beyond black men’s. (similarity 0.86)
• Black women bore the brunt of slave-ship terror because they could not retaliate (similarity 0.86)
• Enslaved black women shared racial status with men but faced sexist subordination (similarity 0.86)

Broader Connections

• Black women under slavery were doubly enslaved by race and sex #exemplifies (0.85) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 26
• Black women experienced sexist oppression distinct from racism #expands (0.80) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 47
• Enslaved black women shared racial status with men but faced sexist subordination #exemplifies (0.80) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 150
• Nineteenth century black male leaders demanded subordinate roles from their wives #corroborates (0.70)
• Racist, sexist socialization conditioned black women to devalue femaleness and identify only with race #expands (0.70) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 24
• Sexism and racism were twin oppressive forces in black women’s slave experience #corroborates (0.60)
• Enslaved black men held higher status than black women under slavery #corroborates (0.60)
• Devaluation of black women was a deliberate method of social control #expands (0.50) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 191
• Sexual exploitation dehumanized black women more than labor exploitation did #expands (0.50)
• Rape of black women was ignored because they were seen as sexually permissive #expands (0.50)