Islamophobia’s racialized caricature victimizes non-Muslims, especially Sikhs

Evidence

Non-Muslims are also vulnerable to private Islamophobic animus and violence. Since Muslim identity is racialized as Arab or Middle Eastern, an embedded caricature of Muslims (closely examined in chapter 3) guides how private Islamophobes imagine and identify adherents of the faith. A wide swath of non-Muslim groups and communities, most notably non-Muslims from South Asia, the Arab world, Middle Eastern nations, and Latinx states, and particularly Sikhs, are often profiled as Muslims and victimized by private Islamophobes. — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 119

Categorization

• XREF: Ties directly to the racialization argument comparing Islamophobia to race-based systems; connects to Selod’s work on racialized surveillance. — connects to: A white non-Muslim can be forced into the Muslim’s demonological position; Phenotypical stereotypes mark Sikh Americans as Muslims and thereby as targets. — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 270; Sikhs are consistently mislabeled as Muslims and targeted by Islamophobia (+5 more)
• QUESTION: The claim that the caricature almost no Muslim men fit but Sikhs do could be chased for source data on hate-crime victimization rates.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 119

Broader Connections

• Sikhs are consistently mislabeled as Muslims and targeted by Islamophobia #corroborates (0.95)
• Islamophobia victims need not be Arab or Muslim #expands (0.80) — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 77