Islam was judged deficient for differing from Christian structures

Evidence

Always, Islamic institutions were confused with Christian ones, and were criticised for not being identical with them. So often, the communal and unhierarchic aspects of Islam eluded Christian observers. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 1266

Categorization

• XREF: Directly parallels Anidjar on Jew/Arab as inverted images of the West and Razack on Islam cast as the West’s constitutive outside. — connects to: Islam’s early fusion of religion and politics was not unique among world religions — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 316
• DEFINE: Names the core mechanism: category confusion as the engine of misreading.