Ideologies with no mention of race can still carry hostile racial intent

Evidence

This requires us to focus our attention on specific ideologies and to undertake research to assess them. In analyzing the content of ideologies we should assess those with explicit racialized reference, those with coded reference, and those without any clear racialized referent but in which we can identify hostile intentions and/or adverse consequences for blacks, or other people of color. This creates a considerable challenge, but it means that we are no longer subordinate to the binary idea of racist/nonracist, it highlights the need for empirical scrutiny, and it means that with such clear definition and evidence, we are likely to have a more compelling case. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1878

Categorization

• DEFINE: Distinguishes three tiers of racialized content: explicit, coded, and referent-free but adversarially consequential.
• XREF: connects to: Realist racial-formation theory treats religious-flavored premodern hostility as not a form of race. — Nasar Meer, Racialization and Religion: Race,…, 21