Realist racial-formation theory treats religious-flavored premodern hostility as not a form of race.

Evidence

[T]he hostility and suspicion with which Christian Europe viewed its two significant non-Christian ”others” the Muslims and Jews cannot be viewed as more than a rehearsal for racial formation, since these antagonisms, for all their bloodletting and chauvinism, were always and everywhere religiously interpreted. (Omi and Winant 1994, p. 61) — Nasar Meer, Racialization and Religion, 21

Categorization

• QUESTION: Whether ‘always and everywhere religiously interpreted’ actually settles the matter, given religion and race often fused in medieval-Christian identity.
• XREF: connects to: Hobbes’s prejudice against Native Americans was civilizational rather than racial. — , Stephanie B. Martens - Civilization and…, 71; Islamophobia is rarely analyzed through the lens of race and racism. — Nasar Meer, Racialization and Religion: Race,…, 18; Parallel racialization logics target Jews and Muslims across eras. — Nasar Meer, Racialization and Religion: Race,…, 40 (+4 more)

Broader Connections

• Race originated as a hereditary cultural-religious distinction, not physical appearance #corroborates (0.85)
• Race is a modern construct disguised as ancient, not a premodern condition #corroborates (0.80) — David Theo Goldberg, The Racial State, 61
• Ideologies with no mention of race can still carry hostile racial intent #qualifies (0.75) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1878