Racist denial typically claims intent and universality as defenses

Evidence

The denial can assume two forms. The first claims that I cannot be racist (saying or doing something racist) because it is not in me, I am not intending it, how should or could I have known it to be racist, what I have said or done is not directed at any individual, and in any case I have treated you as I would anyone in such circumstances. — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race, 1791

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the two forms of denial in racial discourse that appear throughout modern colorblind-racism scholarship. — connects to: the MOC “The Enemy-Making Machine: How Ourselves, the True, and Every Other Are Built from War”