Capitalist imperialism’s denial of equality to colonized peoples produced Muslim racialization

Evidence

For Islam to emerge as a race in the present, the differences between Muslims and Europeans, and the purported Islamic world and Europe, had to be made meaningful and clear as a precursor. This is where the history of Europe and America’s encounter with Islam becomes important. Differentiating Muslims and Islam is one of the colonial and capitalist racial practices that has formed the substratum of modern Islamophobia and Islam-as-race. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 112 (#expands, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Economic transition to capitalist imperialism produced Muslims as a racial category — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 83; Enlightenment race theory about Muslims required colonial dominance and liberal societies — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 105; Anti-Muslim racialization awaited actual imperial domination, not just ideology — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 264 (+12 more)

Broader Connections

• Racializations of South Asians, Arabs, and Muslims were intertwined from capitalism’s start #expands (0.78)
• Empire produces anti-Muslim racism which in turn sustains empire #expands (0.78)
• Colonial-era differentiation of Muslims preceded and enabled present-day racialization. #expands (0.75) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 112
• Modern anti-Muslim racism required both rights-based societies and imperial domination #expands (0.75) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 193
• Muslims were racialized through cultural signifiers rather than phenotype alone #expands (0.75) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 106
• European superiority over Muslim empires enabled racial notions of Muslim inferiority #complicates (0.72) — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 1826
• American imperialism, Orientalism, coercive assimilation, and White supremacy jointly produce racialized Muslim categories #expands (0.72) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 80
• Capitalism differentiated peoples into racial categories rather than homogenizing them #corroborates (0.72) — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 205