Black economic inequality relative to whites remained structurally fixed across multiple decades

Evidence

Blacks also lag behind whites economically. Even though substantial progress has been made, blacks still have lower levels of earnings, yearly income, and occupational attainment than whites (Farley, 1984). The level of unemployment among black adult males is roughly twice that among comparable whites and has been so for more than 30 years (Bonacich, 1976; Farley, 1984). Moreover, the percentage of blacks who have dropped out of the labor force entirely has risen to 13%, more than two and one-half times the rate (5%) among whites (Farley, 1984). Blacks are three times more likely than whites to have incomes below the poverty level (Farley, 1984), and roughly half of all black children can expect to spend some time below the poverty level (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1983). — John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, Political Psychology, 3351

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the reader’s interest in whether structural-positional facts anchor essentialist identity claims independent of belief — durable inequality is shared substrate with Tilly and the wider strategic-essentialism studies. — connects to: The racial wealth gap persists independent of income, savings, and education attainment — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project: A New American Origin…, 1375; Racial wealth and health gaps persist across income, inheritance, and longevity — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1831; Sundown towns’ histories predict present-day Black-white inequality — Dorothy A. Brown, Getting to Reparations: How Building a…, 974 (+7 more)

Broader Connections

• Racial wealth and health gaps persist across income, inheritance, and longevity #corroborates (0.90) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1831
• The racial wealth gap persists independent of income, savings, and education attainment #corroborates (0.88) — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project, 1375
• Racial wealth gaps persist across all industries regardless of education #expands (0.80) — Dorothy A. Brown, The Whiteness of Wealth, 369
• Post-apartheid growth produced extreme racial wealth stratification despite formal color blindness #corroborates (0.78) — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race, 1600
• Sundown towns’ histories predict present-day Black-white inequality #expands (0.75) — Dorothy A. Brown, Getting to Reparations, 974
• Racial wealth inequality stems from dispossession of means of production #expands (0.75) — Clara E. Mattei, Escape from Capitalism, 89