War exposure and victimization varied sharply across former Yugoslav republics.

Evidence

Almost 90 percent of the respondents in Kosovo experienced at least one traumatic event during the war. More than every second respondent in Bosnia, every third in Croatia, and every tenth in Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia were exposed to war-related violence. Only respondents from Slovenia rarely reported victimization. Across all countries except for Slovenia, between 8 percent and 38 percent of the respondents participated in wars as combatants. Moreover, except in Slovenia, the vast majority of the respondents had experienced either unemployment or poverty since the beginning of the wars. — Sandra Penic, Guy Elcheroth, and Dario Spini, When Is Collective Exposure to War…, 67

Categorization

• XREF: Pairs directly with the reading purpose: this distribution across republics is the natural variation the study exploits to test whether exposure shapes collective guilt acceptance. — connects to: Former Yugoslav states differed sharply in which types of wartime violence their populations experienced. — Sandra Penic, Guy Elcheroth, and Dario Spini, When Is Collective Exposure to War…, 97; Warfare in ethnically mixed Yugoslav regions took either conventional or genocidal forms. — Sandra Penic, Guy Elcheroth, and Dario Spini, When Is Collective Exposure to War…, 43

Broader Connections

• Former Yugoslav states differed sharply in which types of wartime violence their populations experienced. #corroborates (0.95) — Sandra Penic, Guy Elcheroth, and Dario Spini, When Is Collective Exposure to War…, 97
• Warfare in ethnically mixed Yugoslav regions took either conventional or genocidal forms. #expands (0.78) — Sandra Penic, Guy Elcheroth, and Dario Spini, When Is Collective Exposure to War…, 43