Former Yugoslav states differed sharply in which types of wartime violence their populations experienced.

Evidence

The two indicators of overall exposure to war-related violence (Exposure to war events and War events) confirm a well-established pattern: populations in Kosovo and Bosnia have been the most affected by war, followed by Croatia and Macedonia. The values of three indicators that operationalize the types of violence suggest significant differences across these countries. In Kosovo, Attacks on civilians were more frequent than the other two types of events. In Macedonia, Attacks on civilians and Battles occurred with similar frequency. However, events of Shared victimization were absent. In Bosnia, all three types of events were frequent. By contrast, in Croatia, Battles and Shared victimization events were far more frequent than attacks on civilians. — Sandra Penic, Guy Elcheroth, and Dario Spini, When Is Collective Exposure to War…, 97

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: War exposure and victimization varied sharply across former Yugoslav republics. — Sandra Penic, Guy Elcheroth, and Dario Spini, When Is Collective Exposure to War…, 67; Warfare in ethnically mixed Yugoslav regions took either conventional or genocidal forms. — Sandra Penic, Guy Elcheroth, and Dario Spini, When Is Collective Exposure to War…, 43; Aggression varies across cultures, within cultures, and across eras — Albert Bandura, Moral Disengagement: How People Do Harm…, 162

Broader Connections

• Warfare in ethnically mixed Yugoslav regions took either conventional or genocidal forms. #expands (0.90) — Sandra Penic, Guy Elcheroth, and Dario Spini, When Is Collective Exposure to War…, 43
• Aggression varies across cultures, within cultures, and across eras #expands (0.75) — Albert Bandura, Moral Disengagement, 162