Two competing loudness models predict time-variant loudness by peak tracking or frame averaging

Evidence

Section 10.2 introduced a simple loudness model that accurately estimates the loudness perception evoked by many relatively simple signals. Such models have been found to be unable to derive accurate loudness estimates for spectrally complex and time-variant signals. This shortcoming has motivated the design of more advanced loudness models (Florentine et al., 2005), of which two approaches are briefly touched upon next. The first one (Zwicker, 1977) processes the signal in the time domain and produces a continuous signal representing the loudness as a function of time. This approach opens up the possibility of predicting the loudness perception evoked by a time-variant signal based on the peak values in the model output. The second model (Glasberg and Moore, 2002) divides the signal into overlapping time frames and extracts short-term loudness values from each time frame. The model also emulates the temporal integration of loudness between adjacent time frames, and consequently, the model provides accurate estimates for time-variant signals as well, although this estimate is derived by simply averaging across the short-term loudness values. Despite the improved accuracy in predicting perceived loudness of complex signals, the different models cannot yet fully explain loudness perception. — Ville Pulkki, Matti Karjalainen, Communication Acoustics- An…, 1659

Categorization

• XREF: The temporal-integration and time-varying-loudness mechanisms parallel the reader’s prior work on how the ear averages across frames to handle transient sounds. — connects to: Perceived loudness of time-varying sounds tracks near-peak levels, not averages; Percentile loudness N5 predicts how listeners judge overall noise immission loudness — Professor Dr.-Ing. Hugo Fastl, Professor Dr.-Ing. Eberhard, Psychoacoustics- Facts and Models, 1799; A simple high-pass filter can replace elaborate loudness models (+2 more)
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Ville Pulkki, Matti Karjalainen, Communication Acoustics- An…, 1659