The Western canon of Islam was fixed by the mid-fourteenth century

Evidence

Except for some shifts in emphasis, and for the increasing neglect of certain arguments, notably those defending the integrity of the text of the Scriptures, we may say that the views just summarised outline the Western ‘canon’ of what constitutes Islam. We are entitled to say that this canon was formed during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and the earlier part of the fourteenth, by the absorption of Oriental, Byzantine and Mozarab traditions and, to a lesser extent, of experience. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 1535

Categorization

• XREF: Provides the medieval genealogy that Anidjar, Aziz and Razack presuppose: the category ‘Islam’ as a formed canon rather than a referent to lived Muslims.