The Philippines and Panama expelled U.S. bases in the early 1990s
Evidence
Following the 1986 overthrow of the U.S.-backed regime of Ferdinand Marcos and the creation of a new constitution banning foreign bases, the Philippines famously refused to renew the lease on U.S. bases in the country. Not long after the volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo badly damaged Clark Air Base in 1991, U.S. bases and troops were gone. By decade’s end, the military also vacated its bases in Panama as part of the termination of the Panama Canal Zone Treaty. — David Vine, Base Nation_ How U.S. Military Bases…, 945
Categorization
Category: Factual Claims
- XREF: Connects to post-Cold War base closures and the pattern of nationalist expulsions of foreign bases.
Related
- Political change and disasters forced U.S. base closures in the Philippines and Panama (similarity 0.91)
- Post-dictatorship constitutions in the Philippines and Panama ended U.S. base leases (similarity 0.88)
- Philippine independence in 1946 was conditioned on a ninety-nine-year rent-free U.S. base lease. (similarity 0.79)
- Losses of major bases drove the U.S. to build smaller lily pads worldwide (similarity 0.78)
Broader Connections
- The overseas base presence has begun to shrink modestly
#exemplifies(0.60) — David Vine, Base Nation_ How U.S. Military Bases…, 1066 - Access agreements disguised new U.S. bases despite the Philippines’ constitutional ban
#qualifies(0.55) — David Vine, Base Nation_ How U.S. Military Bases…, 156 - The 1903 treaty effectively made Panama and Cuba colonies of the United States.
#exemplifies(0.55) — David Vine, Base Nation_ How U.S. Military Bases…, 72 - The U.S. obtained a 99-year rent-free lease on 23 Philippine bases.
#complicates(0.50) — David Vine, Base Nation_ How U.S. Military Bases…, 90