Post-dictatorship constitutions in the Philippines and Panama ended U.S. base leases

Evidence

Following the 1986 overthrow of the U.S.-backed regime of Ferdinand Marcos and the creation of a new constitution banning foreign bases, the Philippines famously refused to renew the lease on U.S. bases in the country. Not long after the volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo badly damaged Clark Air Base in 1991, U.S. bases and troops were gone. By decade’s end, the military also vacated its bases in Panama as part of the termination of the Panama Canal Zone Treaty. — David Vine, Base Nation_ How U.S. Military Bases…, 945

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to decolonization and anti-imperial constitution-making as a recurring mechanism across the book and in broader readings on sovereignty. — connects to: US trusteeship of Pacific islands functioned as de facto annexation — David Vine, Base Nation_ How U.S. Military Bases…, 229; The United States used coerced lease terms to keep permanent control of Guantánamo. — David Vine, Base Nation_ How U.S. Military Bases…, 68