The nation-state emerged from joined nationality and state, depending on rooted peasant classes

Evidence

Tribal nationalism, the driving force behind continental imperialism, had little in common with the nationalism of the fully developed Western nation-state. The nation-state, with its claim to popular representation and national sovereignty, as it had developed since the French Revolution through the nineteenth century, was the result of a combination of two factors that were still separate in the eighteenth century and remained separate in Russia and Austria-Hungary: nationality and state. Nations entered the scene of history and were emancipated when peoples had acquired a consciousness of themselves as cultural and historical entities, and of their territory as a permanent home, where history had left its visible traces, whose cultivation was the product of the common labor of their ancestors and whose future would depend upon the course of a common civilization. Wherever nation-states came into being, migrations came to an end, while, on the other hand, in the Eastern and Southern European regions the establishment of nation-states failed because they could not fall back upon firmly rooted peasant classes. — Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 583

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines the nation-state as the fusion of nationality with the state, and tribal nationalism as its antithesis.
• XREF: Feeds directly into the imagined-community concept the reader is building toward; the nation-state depends on rootedness that proto-totalitarian nationalism lacks.