The first European universities were founded on Arabic translations of classical knowledge

Evidence

By the end of the twelfth century, the universities of Salerno and Bologna in Italy, Paris and Montpellier in France, and Oxford (and in the thirteenth century, Cambridge) in England had been founded on this quite extraordinary event. — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 459

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to arguments that Western civilization’s foundations were substantially built on Islamic mediation. — connects to: European science built directly on Muslim scholarship and Copernicus drew on Arabic sources — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 340