Successful revolutions of the era happened in peasant societies, not industrialized ones

Evidence

Moreover, the revolutionary movements led by socialists failed—all, that is, but one. The Bolshevik Party had gained control over the revolutions in Russia, but in Germany, England, France, Hungary, and elsewhere, socialist revolutions either failed to materialize or when they did were aborted. Thus, in the most advanced industrialized societies—the presumed site of revolution—no revolutions were brought about, no workers movements came to power. In point of fact, the only two successful revolutions of the period had occurred in societies whose populations were predominantly peasants: Mexico and Russia. Not only were they predominantly peasant societies but peasant movements had played critical roles in the triumphs of their revolutions, throwing into question the presumption that industrial workers were to be the “instruments of philosophy.” — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 982

Categorization

• XREF: Challenges orthodox Marxist dogma of the industrial proletariat as revolutionary subject — connects to the Frankfurt School debates on revolutionary agency and to Marcuse’s later theories of non-proletarian agency.
• QUESTION: Worth chasing: how much did this historical fact of peasant revolutions inform later Black radical critiques of class reductionism in orthodox Marxism?