Revolutionary socialism triumphed only in predominantly peasant societies

Evidence

In the political field, nationalism is the fact against which the Marxist theory breaks itself. Here is a force which has proved definitely stronger in the modern world than the class struggle which for orthodox Marxists makes the essence of history. — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 362 (#complicates, via linked claim)

It was indeed nationalism, a second “bourgeois” accretion, that most subverted the socialist creation. Nationalism, as a mix of racial sensibility and the economic interests of the national bourgeoisies, was as powerful an ideological impulse as any spawned from these strata. As an acquired temper and as a historical force met on the fields of social and political revolution, nationalism bemused the founders of historical materialism and those who followed them. It was to overtake both the direction of capitalist development and eventually the formative structures of socialist societies as they appeared in the present century. The historical trajectories of those developments, again, were almost entirely unexpected in a theoretical universe from which it had been discerned that ideology and false consciousness were supposedly being expelled. — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 116 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Lenin and Trotsky saw the peasantry as a revolutionary ally, unlike Marx; Nationalism subverted socialism and overtook capitalist development worldwide — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 116; Nationalism proved stronger than the class struggle in the modern world — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 362 (+1 more)

Related

• Nationalism subverted socialism and overtook capitalist development worldwide (similarity 0.86)
• Nationalism proved stronger than the class struggle in the modern world (similarity 0.85)
• Successful revolutions of the era happened in peasant societies, not industrialized ones (similarity 0.84)
• Only peasant-based revolutions succeeded while industrial workers failed to revolt (similarity 0.83)
• An international class must nationalise itself to lead nationally-rooted social strata (similarity 0.83)
• English nationalism displaced class solidarity after Chartism’s defeat. (similarity 0.82)
• Lenin and Trotsky saw the peasantry as a revolutionary ally, unlike Marx (similarity 0.82)
• Nationalism defeated the Second International yet undergirded the Third International’s Marxism (similarity 0.81)
• Marxist theory underestimated nationalism due to a flawed grasp of capitalism’s depth. (similarity 0.81)
• Anti-imperialist peasant wars, not Western proletariats, drove twentieth-century revolutions. (similarity 0.81)
• Ethnic nationalism within the party defeated Americanizing Marxism (similarity 0.81)
• Revolutionary consciousness formed through anti-imperialist struggles by peasant bases, not urban proletariats (similarity 0.80)
• Haitian slaves surpassed contemporary European national struggles in demonstrated political capacity (similarity 0.80)
• Marx treated the national state as the decisive instrument of bourgeois class victory (similarity 0.80)
• Marxism’s economism forced the conclusion that nationalism was a backward, diversionary ideology. (similarity 0.80)

Broader Connections

• Nationalism proved stronger than the class struggle in the modern world #complicates (0.50) — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 362
• Nationalism subverted socialism and overtook capitalist development worldwide #complicates (0.40) — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 116