School token integration recreated segregation inside schools

Evidence

Thus, in practice, token integration was often just a new form of segregation. Black students sat by themselves in classes and the cafeteria. Students attacked them in the halls, teachers ignored or insulted them in the classrooms, and school officials excluded them from school activities, both on and off campus. — Kevin M. Kruse, White Flight, 366

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Atlanta’s placement bureaucracy admitted just nine black students of thousands — Kevin M. Kruse, White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of…, 348; White flight left empty schools while black students were crowded into half-day sessions — Kevin M. Kruse, White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of…, 377; Voluntary local desegregation produced tokenism and arbitrary exclusion rather than integration. — Kevin M. Kruse, White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of…, 481 (+4 more)

Broader Connections

• Voluntary local desegregation produced tokenism and arbitrary exclusion rather than integration. #corroborates (0.85) — Kevin M. Kruse, White Flight, 481
• Desegregation displaced the integration burden onto Black students while apartheid persisted inside white schools #expands (0.80) — bell hooks, Teaching to Transgress, 62
• Court-ordered desegregation of public spaces produced resegregation and private alternatives, not integration #corroborates (0.75) — Kevin M. Kruse, White Flight, 250
• Racial school segregation generates lasting feelings of inferiority among minority children #expands (0.70) — Ruggero J. Aldisert, Agatha D. Aldisert, Logic for Lawyers- A Guide to Clear…, 504