Residential segregation was deliberately constructed, not natural or market-driven

Evidence

Segregation did not result from the “desires” of African Americans and other people of color (the “lifestyle” explanation), “impersonal market forces” (the “market dynamics” explanation), or as “a chance by-product of other socioeconomic processes,” explain Massey and Denton. Before 1900, for instance, “blacks and whites lived side by side in American cities” in the north—in places like as Chicago, Detroit, and Philadelphia—as well as in the south in cities like Charleston, New Orleans, and Savannah. However, at critical points between the end of the Civil War in 1865 and the passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968, “white America chose to strengthen the walls of the ghetto.” During this time period, residential segregation was constructed and imposed through various public and private processes—discriminatory real estate practices, exclusionary and expulsive zoning, redlining, and white flight, among others—that both contained growing urban black populations and limited the mobility of blacks and other people of color. — Luke W. Cole and Sheila R. Foster, From the Ground Up, 340

Categorization

• XREF: Directly counters the market-dynamics explanation the reader is weighing across the legal analysis. — connects to: Segregation can perpetuate itself silently with no active racist actor — Luke W. Cole and Sheila R. Foster, From the Ground Up: Environmental…, 343; Color-blind policy would perpetuate racial segregation without affirmative dismantling — Luke W. Cole and Sheila R. Foster, From the Ground Up: Environmental…, 342; Segregation was deliberately engineered through planning policy, not emergent preference. — Matthew D. Lassiter, The Suburban Origins of “Color-Blind”…, 21 (+12 more)

Broader Connections

• Segregation was deliberately engineered through planning policy, not emergent preference. #corroborates (0.97) — Matthew D. Lassiter, The Suburban Origins of “Color-Blind”…, 21
• Residential segregation is an artifact of municipal policy, not of individual white choices #corroborates (0.95) — Matthew D. Lassiter, The Suburban Origins of “Color-Blind”…, 29
• Federal housing programs institutionalized residential segregation through redlining and demolition #corroborates (0.90) — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project, 1196
• Commercial segregation, like residential segregation, was engineered through zoning #expands (0.85)
• Urban commercial class segregation is deliberately engineered, not accidental. #expands (0.82) — Lyn H. Lofland, World of Strangers_ Order and Action in…, 407
• Segregation became the assumed natural norm while integration seemed unnatural #expands (0.80) — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race, 447
• Sociology naturalized spatial segregation instead of recognizing it as historically contingent. #corroborates (0.78) — Lyn H. Lofland, World of Strangers_ Order and Action in…, 1123
• American ghetto segregation was a post-Reconstruction urban development, not a plantation legacy #expands (0.75) — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race, 364