Repeated victimisation makes Islamophobic abuse feel normal rather than exceptional.

Evidence

This discussion shows that participants were multiple and repeat victims of both online and offline Islamophobia. Rarely did participants describe Islamophobic hate crime/incidents as ‘one-off’; rather, there was always the sense, the fear, the expectation for another attack. From this perspective, manifestations of Islamophobia were perceived as ‘normal’. The fact that Islamophobic hate crime was seen as a normative part of their lived experiences also meant that some participants had become ‘used to it’ and in some cases ‘immune’ to it, as the following quotes indicate. — Irene Zempi and Imran Awan, Islamophobia, 271

Categorization

• DEEPTHINKING: The normalization mechanism inverts the usual assumption that hate crime is a rupture; here it becomes ambient baseline, and habituation is a survival adaptation rather than healing.
• XREF: Parallels the reader’s notes on chronic noise: a persistent harm that stops registering as an event and is simply absorbed.