Post-apartheid citizenship replaced racial birthright with formal qualification.

Evidence

Internally as well, citizenship was assigned or withheld according to racial criteria. The 14th Amendment notwithstanding, blacks only became citizens ina practical sense in the 1960s, and even then imperfectly; many Asians only achieved naturalization rights in the 1950s; and native peoples only received their citizenship in the 1920s. — Michael Omi, Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 86 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Secularization shifts belonging from racial birthright to formal qualification and earned commitment. — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race: Reflections on…, 1588; South Africa’s post-apartheid transition aimed to secularize race outright — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race: Reflections on…, 1587; Birthright citizenship held that race was an accidental circumstance, not a disqualifier — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project: A New American Origin…, 724 (+3 more)

Broader Connections

• Formal citizenship rights trailed legal amendments by decades for nonwhites #complicates (0.75) — Michael Omi, Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 86