Formal citizenship rights trailed legal amendments by decades for nonwhites

Evidence

Internally as well, citizenship was assigned or withheld according to racial criteria. The 14th Amendment notwithstanding, blacks only became citizens ina practical sense in the 1960s, and even then imperfectly; many Asians only achieved naturalization rights in the 1950s; and native peoples only received their citizenship in the 1920s. — Michael Omi, Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 86

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the gap between de jure and de facto citizenship discussed in the reader’s work on race and the law. — connects to: Felt experience of individual rights lagged behind formal law until second modernity — Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, 115; Formal citizenship (legal membership) differs from substantive citizenship (actual rights enjoyed) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 812
• CANDY: The fact that Native Americans only received citizenship in the 1920s is a punchy, surprising conversational fact.