Post-Allport theory made ideology, not frustration, the proximal cause of scapegoating

Evidence

Theoretical developments since the 1950s suggest that scapegoating ought to be viewed as a collective rather than individual process (though for more on the latter, see Newman & Caldwell, ch. 23 this volume). Subsequent work has accepted the fundamental role of frustration in scapegoating, but with a focus on the roles of shared (collective) frustrations (e.g., economic collapse, social disorder) that produce social movements with scapegoating ideologies that lead to organized persecution. Frustration’s role thus becomes indirect, with ideology being the proximal cause of aggression. — , Rudman, Laurie A - On the Nature of…, 1573