Orthodox Muslim practice and dissenting politics trigger government surveillance red flags

Evidence

According to John Cohen, former undersecretary for intelligence and analysis and counterterrorism coordinator in the DHS: “In most cases, those radicalized to violence exhibit behaviors of concern that are observed by those who associate with that individual. … The socalled signs of radicalization include a combination of orthodox Islamic practices and political views disfavored by the US government. As a result, the government scrutinizes Religious Racial Muslims and Religious Dissident Racial Muslims, whose lifestyles and political beliefs trigger red flags in the purported radicalization stages: pre-radicalization, self-identification, indoctrination, and jihadization. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 948

Categorization

• DEFINE: The four-stage radicalization model (pre-radicalization, self-identification, indoctrination, jihadization) is a named framework worth distinguishing from empirically validated processes.
• XREF: connects to: State surveillance treated militant Islam as more threatening than non-violent Christianity — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 193; Mass state surveillance laws target white citizens and Muslims with unequal public scrutiny — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 570