National identification breeds xenophobia only when framed comparatively against other nations

Evidence

When referring to identification with national categories this distinction has been labeled nationalism versus patriotism (Kosterman & Feshbach, 1989). Mummendey et al. (2001) operationalized this distinction experimentally and found that there was only ever a correlation between national identi- fication and xenophobia when people had first conceived of their country in relation to other countries; those viewing their country in a temporal perspective or in neutral “control” conditions showed no such link. — , Rudman, Laurie A - On the Nature of…, 447

Categorization

• XREF: Contrasts nationalism (comparative identity) with patriotism (autonomous identity), building on the ingroup-bias-versus-derogation distinction in the vault’s Allport reassessment. — connects to: National identity becomes nationalist ideology only through emotionally charged crafting against others. — Nadim N. Rouhana and Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, When Politics Are Sacralized:…, 1655; Unfulfilled unification promises triggered xenophobic violence against foreigners — Manuel Borutta and Jan C. Jansen, Vertriebene and Pieds-Noirs in Postwar…, 207
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — , Rudman, Laurie A - On the Nature of…, 447